Percepción de la calidad de vida de personas receptoras de trasplante renal en etapas temprana y tardía / Quality of life in kidney transplant recipients in early and late stages: a qualitative study

Introducción: la enfermedad renal crónica incluye diversos tratamientos, el trasplante renal es el procedimiento electivo debido a la mejora de la calidad de vida y la supervivencia frente a otros tratamientos. El paciente experimenta situaciones abrumadoras por la complejidad que implica la adaptación. Objetivo: comparar la percepción de calidad de vida postrasplante en la etapa temprana y tardía en cuatro dimensiones. Metodología: estudio con enfoque cualitativo, aplicación del diseño fenomenológico con alcance de saturación de categorías. La calidad de vida se enfocó en cuatro dimensiones: bienestar físico, bienestar emocional, relaciones interpersonales y bienestar material. Se utilizó la herramienta Atlas ti V.20 para capturar datos, evaluar y visualizar las relaciones entre entrevistas para crear redes semánticas. Resultados: se entrevistó a 10 personas sobre su percepción de calidad de vida posterior al trasplante renal en la etapa temprana y tardía, independientemente de su situación funcional, social, psicológica y económica. Conclusiones: la calidad de vida percibida en las personas receptoras de trasplante renal son el constructor de sus actividades y su reintegración a ellas, preservando hechos como el mantenimiento de su estado de salud, vínculo de sus relaciones y producción laboral. Estudiar dicha percepción ampliada en las dimensiones estudiadas describen mejor el estado progresivo en la recuperación... (AU)

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease includes various treatments, Kidney Transplantation is the elective procedure, due to the improvement in quality of life and survival compared to other treatments. The patient experiences overwhelming situations due to the complexity that adaptation implies. Objective: To compare the perception of quality of life after transplantation in the early and late stages in four dimensions. Methodology: Study with a qualitative approach, application of the phenomenological design with a scope of saturation of categories, it is worth mentioning that the quality of life was focused on four dimensions: physical well-being, emotional well-being, interpersonal relationships and material well-being. The tool Atlas ti V.20 was used to capture data, evaluate and visualize the relationships between interviews to create semantic networks. Results: 10 patients were interviewed about the perception of quality-of-life post-transplant improvement in early and late stages, regardless of their functional, social, psychological and economic situation; Conclusions: The perceived quality of life in kidney transplant recipients is the construct of their activities and their reintegration into them, preserving facts such as the maintenance of their state of health, the bond of their relationships and labor production. Studying this expanded perception in the dimensions studied better describe the progressive state in recovery.

Caracterización clínica de la Nefropatía por Poliomavirus BK en pacientes trasplantados renales / Clinical characterization of Polyomavirus BK nephropathy in kidney transplanted patients

INTRODUCCIÓN. La nefropatía por poliomavirus BK resulta un problema emergente en el trasplante renal, pues contribuye a la pérdida temprana de los injertos renales. OBJETIVO. Caracterizar clínicamente a los pacientes trasplantados renales con nefropatía por poliomavirus BK. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, realizado en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en el período 2013-2022, se obtuvo una base de datos anonimizada, 479 pacientes trasplantados renales, de estos se identificaron 37 pacientes que corresponde a un 7,7% con nefropatía por poliomavirus BK, se realizó un análisis con el programa estadístico SPSS v26®. RESULTADOS. La población estuvo caracterizada por pacientes del sexo masculino (56,8%), con una edad media de 48,2 años, el donante cadavérico fue el más frecuente (94,5%), la mayor parte del tratamiento de la nefropatía por poliomavirus BK consistió en cambio de micofenolato sódico a everolimus y se mantuvo con 50% de Tacrolimus y Prednisona (40,5%); al valorar el cambio de los valores de creatinina, los niveles más elevados fueros a los 12 meses cuando la pérdida renal fue temprana (p: 0,042), y de la misma manera a los 12 meses, fueron más elevados los niveles de creatinina cuando el diagnóstico histopatológico fue Nefropatía por Poliomavirus Clase 3 (p: 0,01). DISCUSIÓN. La prevalencia de la nefropatía se mantuvo por debajo del 10% reportado a nivel global, la creatinina empeoró en pacientes con pérdida temprana del injerto renal y con una clase patológica avanzada, hecho reportado en la fisiopatología de la enfermedad. CONCLUSIÓN. La pérdida del injerto renal temprano presentó una creatinina más alta que la tardía. Es recomendable un tamizaje adecuado para la detección temprana del virus BK siendo crucial para prevenir el deterioro de la función renal y limitar la posterior pérdida del injerto.

INTRODUCTION: BK polyomavirus nephropathy is emerging as a significant concern in kidney transplantation, as it contributes to the early loss of renal grafts. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to clinically characterize renal transplant recipients with BK polyomavirus nephropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational and descriptive study was conducted at Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital during the period of 2013 to 2022. An anonymized database comprising 479 renal transplant patients was utilized. Among these, 37 patients, constituting 7.7%, were identified with BK polyomavirus nephropathy. Data analysis was performed using the statistical program SPSS v26®. RESULTS: The study population was predominantly composed of male patients (56.8%) with a mean age of 48.2 years. Deceased donors accounted for the majority (94.5%) of cases. The primary approach for managing BK polyomavirus nephropathy involved transitioning from mycophenolate sodium to everolimus, alongside maintaining a regimen of 50% tacrolimus and 40.5% prednisone. When assessing changes in creatinine values, the highest levels were observed at 12 months, coinciding with early renal loss (p: 0.042). Similarly, at the 12-month mark, elevated creatinine levels were associated with a histopathological diagnosis of Polyomavirus nephropathy Class 3 (p: 0.01). DISCUSSION: The prevalence of nephropathy remained below the globally reported threshold of 10%. Creatinine levels worsened in patients experiencing early graft loss and an advanced pathological classification, aligning with established disease pathophysiology. CONCLUSION: Early renal graft loss was associated with higher creatinine levels compared to delayed loss. Adequate screening for early detection of BK virus is recommended, as it plays a crucial role in preventing renal function deterioration and limiting subsequent graft loss.

Nefrectomía totalmente laparoscópica para donante vivo de riñón: Características y desenlaces en una institución de alta complejidad en Colombia. Serie de casos / Total laparoscopic nephrectomy for a living kidney donor: Characteristics and outcomes in a single center from Colombia. Case series

Introducción. El trasplante es la mejor opción de tratamiento para los pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal, sin embargo, existe discrepancia entre las listas de espera y la disponibilidad de órganos a partir de la donación cadavérica. Buscando aumentar el número de órganos disponibles se implementó el trasplante con donante vivo. A partir de la introducción de técnicas mínimamente invasivas para la nefrectomía, el donante vivo ha logrado cifras cercanas al 50 % de los trasplantes realizados en muchas instituciones, debido a los beneficios propios del procedimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los resultados después de la incorporación del procedimiento totalmente laparoscópico en nuestra institución. Métodos. Se hizo un análisis retrospectivo de las características de los pacientes llevados a nefrectomía para obtención de injerto por técnica totalmente laparoscópica y los resultados en un solo centro en Cali, Colombia, desde noviembre de 2019 hasta octubre de 2022. Los datos fueron obtenidos mediante la revisión de las historias clínicas electrónicas. Resultados. Se realizaron 78 nefrectomías para obtención de injerto con técnica totalmente laparoscópica. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue de 152 minutos, el sangrado promedio fue de 12 ml, la estancia hospitalaria promedio del donante fue de 2,8 días. La tasa de complicaciones fue de 7,6 % (4 pacientes con complicación Clavien-Dindo I y 2 pacientes Clavien-Dindo IIIb). No se presentó ningún caso de mortalidad. Conclusiones. La técnica totalmente laparoscópica resulta ser una técnica segura con baja tasa de morbilidad y excelentes beneficios para los donantes.

Introduction. Kidney transplant is the best treatment option for end-stage renal disease. However, the discrepancy between waiting lists and the availability of organs from cadaveric donation is well known. Organ transplantation with a living donor was implemented to increase the number of organs available. Since the introduction of minimally invasive techniques for nephrectomy, living donors have achieved figures close to 50% of transplants performed in many institutions due to the procedure's benefits. In our country, the experiences described are from the hand-assisted technique. This is the first description after incorporating the laparoscopic procedure. Methods. A retrospective analysis of the characteristics and results of all patients undergoing nephrectomy to obtain a graft using a laparoscopic technique was carried at a single center in Cali, Colombia, from November 2019 to October 2022. The electronic medical records were reviewed to obtain the data. Results. Seventy-eight nephrectomies were performed to obtain a graft with a laparoscopic technique. The mean operating time was 152 minutes, the average bleeding was 12 cc, and the average hospital stay was 2.8 days. The complication rate was 7.6% (four patients with Clavien-Dindo I complication and two Clavien-Dindo IIIb patients). There were no cases of mortality. Conclusions. The laparoscopic technique is safe, with a low morbidity rate and excellent benefits.

Prevalencia de Complicaciones clínicas y quirúrgicas en el postrasplante renal inmediato y su impacto a corto plazo en la función renal / Prevalence of clinical and surgical complications in immediate post-renal transplantation and their short-term impact on renal function

INTRODUCCIÓN. La enfermedad renal crónica es definida como la pérdida progresiva, permanente e irreversible de la función renal, uno de los tratamientos es el trasplante renal el mismo que aumenta la calidad de vida de los pacientes que presentan esta patología, sin embargo, a pesar de ser uno de las mejores terapias no está exento de complicaciones especialmente las que se presentan posterior al acto quirúrgico ya que afectan al buen funcionamiento del injerto y afecta la supervivencia del mismo. OBJETIVO. Determinar la prevalencia de complicaciones clínicas y quirúrgicas en el postrasplante renal inmediato con el fin de identificar las principales complicaciones que ocasionan mayor deterioro en la función renal a corto plazo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Estudio Observacional descriptivo transversal, de pacientes trasplantados que se encuentran en seguimiento desde enero del 2015 hasta diciembre del 2018 en el servicio de Trasplante renal del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín. La muestra será los 211 pacientes trasplantados de donante cadavérico. Los análisis se realizaron con el paquete estadístico IBM SPSS versión 25, para lo cual se empleó estadísticas descriptivas, utilizando tablas y representando los valores absolutos y relativos de las variables cualitativas, así como medidas de tendencia central y de variabilidad para las variables cuantitativas. RESULTADOS. Se estudiaron 193 pacientes trasplantados de los cuales el 49.66% tuvieron complicaciones, de los mismos el 33.16% fueron complicaciones clínicas y 16,5% complicaciones quirúrgicas; de las clínicas la infección de tracto urinario fueron las más prevalentes con 15%, seguida por el rechazo agudo 6,7%, las infecciones por virus poliomavirus BK fueron un porcentaje de 6,2%, la necrosis tubular aguda el 3,16% terminando con el rechazo hiperagudo en el 1,5% y la toxicidad por calcineurínicos 1,04%. Mientras tanto las complicaciones quirúrgicas las urológicas son las más prevalentes 8,8% seguida por las colecciones liquidas con el 6,74% finalmente la trombosis vascular con el 1,04%. CONCLUSIONES. Las complicaciones más prevalentes son las clínicas vs las quirúrgicas, afectando de igual forma la función renal al año sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa.

INTRODUCTION. Chronic kidney disease is defined as the progressive, permanent and irreversible loss of renal function, one of the treatments is renal transplantation, which increases the quality of life of patients with this pathology, however, despite being one of the best therapies, it is not free of complications, especially those that occur after surgery, since they affect the proper functioning of the graft and affect its survival. OBJECTIVE. To determine the prevalence of clinical and surgical complications in immediate post-renal transplantation in order to identify the main complications that cause greater deterioration in short-term renal function. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Cross-sectional descriptive observational study, of transplanted patients under follow-up from January 2015 to December 2018 in the Renal Transplant service of the Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín. The sample will be the 211 cadaveric donor transplanted patients. The analyses were performed with the IBM SPSS version 25 statistical package, for which descriptive statistics were used, using tables and representing the absolute and relative values of qualitative variables, as well as measures of central tendency and variability for quantitative variables. RESULTS. We studied 193 transplanted patients of whom 49.66% had complications, of which 33. Of the clinical complications, urinary tract infection was the most prevalent with 15%, followed by acute rejection 6.7%, polyomavirus BK infections were 6.2%, acute tubular necrosis 3.16%, ending with hyperacute rejection in 1.5% and calcineurin toxicity 1.04%. Meanwhile, urological surgical complications are the most prevalent 8.8% followed by liquid collections with 6.74% and finally vascular thrombosis with 1.04%. CONCLUSIONS. The most prevalent complications are clinical vs. surgical, affecting renal function at one year with no statistically significant difference.

Medical and non-medical factors that influence the kidney transplantation technical registry: a cross-sectional study / Fatores clínicos e não clínicos que influenciam o cadastro técnico para transplante renal: estudo transversa

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem, because of its association with an elevated risk of mortality, low quality of life, and prohibitive cost to the health system. OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors that might influence the kidney transplantation technical registry. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of descriptive analysis conducted in six dialysis health care centers in the south of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Patients over 18 years of age were included in this study in 2016 and 2017. The demographic and clinical variables were subjected to Pearson's chi-square test using Stata Software for statistical analysis. Research approved by the Ethics Committee 1386385. RESULTS: Of 314 participants, 228 (72.6%) were not on the kidney transplantation technical registry. The medical and non-medical factors with statistical significance were age (p<0.01), income (p<0.01), having children (p=0.01), time since diagnosis (p=0.01), and time on hemodialysis (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: There is a substantial proportion of 72.6% of hemodialysis patients not registered on the kidney transplantation technical registry. The identification of factors that influence the kidney transplantation technical registry contributes both theoretically and to healthcare management, by the health team and government who can direct strategies towards the most appropriate health care. Health professionals should be aware of the impact of these factors and how the factors might pose a risk of complications that make it impossible to register on the kidney transplantation waiting list.

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença renal crônica é um problema de saúde pública mundial, pois está associada ao alto risco de mortalidade, baixa qualidade de vida e elevado custo ao sistema de saúde. OBJETIVO: Identificar os possíveis fatores que podem influenciar o acesso ao cadastro técnico para transplante renal. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal de análise descritiva realizado em seis serviços de diálise da Metade Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Participaram desse estudo pacientes maiores de 18 anos nos anos de 2016 e 2017. As variáveis demográficas e clínicas foram submetidas ao teste qui-quadrado de Pearson utilizando o Software Stata para a análise estatística. Pesquisa aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética 1.386385. RESULTADOS: dos 314 pacientes em hemodiálise 228 (72,6%) não estavam no cadastro técnico para transplante renal. Os fatores clínicos e não clínicos que apresentaram significância estatística foram: idade (p<0,01), renda (p<0,01) possuir filhos (p=0,01), tempo de diagnóstico (p=0,01) e tempo em hemodiálise (p=0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Há uma proporção substancial de 72,6% pacientes em hemodiálise que não estão no cadastro técnico para transplante renal. A identificação dos fatores que influenciam no cadastro contribui tanto gerencial quanto teoricamente pois, possibilita que a equipe de saúde e os gestores possam direcionar estratégias para o cuidado em saúde mais adequado. Os profissionais de saúde devem estar cientes do impacto que esses fatores exercem e que podem oferecer risco de complicações que inviabilizem o cadastro técnico para transplante renal.

Prevalência de síndrome metabólica em pacientes pós-transplante renal / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in post-kidney transplantation patients

O desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica após o transplante renal (TxR) é evidenciado na literatura e se caracteriza por alterações que conferem a redução da função do enxerto. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e identificar variáveis que se associam à síndrome metabólica em receptores de TxR tardio. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico realizado com pacientes receptores de TxR. Foram incluídos participantes com idade superior ou igual a 18 anos, receptores de TxR tardio em acompanhamento superior a 6 meses. A análise descritiva dos dados foi expressa por médias, desvio padrão, medianas e percentuais. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk ao nível de 5% de significância. Aplicou-se o teste de comparação de médias para duas amostras independentes, teste t de Student. Foi utilizado o teste de correlação de Pearson para avaliar as possíveis relações existentes entre a variável tempo pós TxR com as outras variáveis de interesse. Resultados: Ao avaliar 43 pacientes com idade média de 50,9 ± 9,8 anos, notou-se que a síndrome metabólica esteve presente em 53,85% dos voluntários e que se associou ao peso prévio (p= 0,018), concentrações séricas de triglicerídeos (p= 0,001), menores médias de HDL (p= 0,053) e, também, foi verificada uma associação marginal com a circunferência da cintura (p= 0,051). A SM foi prevalente no período pós TxR. Ainda, as maiores médias de peso prévio ao TxR, de circunferência da cintura, de triglicerídeos e as menores médias de HDL se associaram à SM

The onset of metabolic syndrome (MS) after kidney transplantation (KTx) is evidenced in the literature and this is characterized by alterations that confer a reduction in the function of the transplantation. Objective: The aim of this research is to describe the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and to identify the variables that are associated with the metabolic syndrome in recipients of belated KTx. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study carried out with patients receiving KTx. Participants aged 18 years or older, recipients of late KTx with follow-up longer than 6 months, were included. The descriptive analysis of the data was expressed as means, standard deviation, medians and percentages. Data normality was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test at a 5% significance level. The mean comparison test was applied for two independent samples, Student's t test. Pearson's correlation test was used to assess possible association between the variable time after KTx and the other variables of interest. Results: Forty-three patients with a mean age of 50.9 ± 9.8 years were evaluated and metabolic syndrome was present in 53.85% of the volunteers. There was an association with previous weight (p= 0.018), serum triglyceride concentrations (p= 0.001) and lower HDL means (p= 0.053) and and a marginal association with waist circumference (p=0,0051). MS was prevalent in the post-KTx period. Furthermore, the highest means of weight prior to KTx, waist circumference, TG and the lowest means of HDL were associated with MS

Estado nutricional de pacientes submetidos ao transplante renal / Nutritional status of patients submitted to kidney transplantation

No período de pós Transplante Renal (TxR) o uso de imunossupressores é indicado. Seu uso crônico se associa a alterações endocrinometabólicas e do estado nutricional. Objetivo: Avaliar o estado nutricional de pacientes com Doenças Renais Crônicas (DRC) submetidos ao transplante renal. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com pessoas que vivem com a DRC, submetidas ao TxR, no período mínimo de 6 (seis) meses. Coletou-se dados socioeconômicos, demográficos, antecedentes clínicos e antropométricos. Feita análise estatística dos dados e determinada a média e desvio padrão das variáveis numéricas. Verificou-se a normalidade dos dados pelo teste de Shapiro Wilk. Para variáveis não-paramétricas, foi aplicado teste de U-Mann-Whitney. Para variáveis categóricas, foi realizada análise descritiva. A comparação foi feita por Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste Exato de Fisher. Foi adotado p<0,05. Resultados: Ao avaliar 52 pacientes observou-se interação significativa entre o sexo feminino e o ganho de peso (p=0,02). A eutrofia foi prevalente segundo o Índice de massa corporal IMC (48,08%), entretanto, a adequação da CB, CMB e AMBC apontou relevantes percentuais de desnutrição. Aumento da incidência de diabetes (5,77% vs 30,77%) e de dislipidemia (3,85% vs 17,31%) no período pós TxR. Conclusão: O ganho de peso se associou significativamente ao sexo feminino. Verificou-se que mesmo diante da prevalência de eutrofia ao avaliar o IMC, a desnutrição foi presente ao se classificar as adequações das circunferências corporais

In the period after Renal Transplantation (KTx) the use of immunosuppressants is indicated, their chronic use is associated with endocrine-metabolic alterations and nutritional status. Objective: Evaluate the nutritional status of patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases (CKD) after kidney transplantation. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, carried out with people living with CKD, submitted to KTx, for a minimum period of 6 (six) months. Data on socioeconomic, demographic, clinical and anthropometric background were collected. Statistical analysis of the data was performed and the mean and standard deviation of numerical variables were determined. Data normality was verified by the Shapiro Wilk test. For non-parametric variables, U-Mann-Whitney´s test was applied. For categorical variables, descriptive analysis was performed. Comparison was performed using Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's test. The results were discussed at the 5% level of significance. Results: When assessing 52 patients, a significant interaction was observed between female gender and weight gain. (p=0,02). Eutrophy was prevalent according to BMI(48,08%) However, the adequacy of the MAC, MAMC and AMA presented relevant percentages of malnutrition. Increased incidence of diabetes (5,77% vs 30,77%) and dyslipidemia (3,85% vs 17,31%) in the period after KTx. Conclusion: The weight gain was significantly associated with female gender. It was found that even in the face of the prevalence of eutrophy when assessing BMI, malnutrition was present when classifying the adequacy of body circumferences

Marcadores humorales y su relación con variables epidemiológicas en pacientes trasplantados renales / Humoral markers and their relationship with epidemiological variables in kidney transplant patients

RESUMEN Introducción: El trasplante renal es la mejor opción disponible para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia renal crónica terminal. La determinación de marcadores humorales permite detectar y seguir la evolución del paciente trasplantado renal y la disfunción del injerto, así como sus diversas complicaciones. Objetivos: Relacionar el funcionamiento del trasplante renal realizado a pacientes con un grupo de marcadores humorales. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y de corte transversal en 85 pacientes trasplantados renales, previo consentimiento informado, los cuales constituían la totalidad de los pacientes del Servicio de trasplante renal, en el Hospital Universitario Clínico-Quirúrgico «Arnaldo Milián Castro¼, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, desde enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2017. Resultados: Predominaron pacientes del sexo masculino, de 40-59 años de edad. La principal enfermedad asociada fue la hipertensión arterial. Del total de trasplantados estaban con funcionabilidad 62 pacientes (72,94 %) y en ellos, fue significativo el aumento de los valores de hematocrito y albúmina, así como el valor medio de la creatinina sérica, ligeramente superior a los valores de referencia. Conclusiones: El rango de edad más frecuente fue de 40-59 años. Prevaleció el sexo masculino asociado con la hipertensión arterial. Predominó la funcionabilidad de los trasplantes realizados precozmente, con menor tiempo en diálisis. En los marcadores humorales la creatinina presentó una asociación significativa. Por otra parte, el hematocrito nunca se normalizó en los no funcionales. El conteo de Addis fue el examen que más modificación precoz sufrió ante cualquier alteración en la función renal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: renal transplantation is the best available option for the treatment of terminal chronic renal failure. The determination of humoral markers makes it possible to detect and follow the evolution of kidney transplant patients and graft dysfunction, as well as its various complications. Objectives: to relate the performance of kidney transplants performed in patients with a group of humoral markers. Methods: a descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out in 85 kidney transplant patients, with prior informed consent, which constituted all the patients of the Kidney Transplant service from "Arnaldo Milián Castro" Clinical and Surgical University Hospital, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, between January 2015 and December 2017. Results: male patients aged 40-59 years old predominated. The main associated disease was arterial hypertension. A number of 62 patients from the total number of transplant recipients (72.94%) were functional and the increase in hematocrit and albumin values ​​was significant in them, as well as the mean value of serum creatinine was slightly higher than the reference values. Conclusions: the most frequent age range was 40-59 years. The male gender associated with arterial hypertension prevailed. The functionality of transplants performed early, with less time on dialysis, prevailed. Creatinine had a significant association in the humoral markers. On the other hand, the hematocrit never normalized in non-functional patients. The Addis count was the test that underwent the earliest changes in the event of any alteration in renal function.

Lineamientos técnicos para la evaluación de pacientes para trasplante renal / Technical guidelines for the evaluation of kidney transplant patients

Los presentes lineamientos técnicos han sido elaborados como una herramienta destinada a orientar la realización de este proceso de evaluación inicial en pacientes con ERC en estadio 5 y establece las directrices básicas esenciales para asegurar la valoración médica correcta de cada uno de estos pacientes, para definir si están aptos para ser incluidos como candidatos a trasplante renal, a través de donantes vivos o para ser incluidos en una lista de espera nacional con donantes en condición de muerte cerebral. Los médicos especialistas responsables del manejo clínico de estos pacientes, deben asegurar la óptima utilización clínica de los aspectos individuales del perfil de un candidato en la evaluación de los pacientes en los que exista la posibilidad de realizarles un trasplante de riñón

These technical guidelines have been developed as a tool to guide the performance of this initial evaluation process in patients with stage 5 CKD and establish the essential basic guidelines to ensure the correct medical assessment of each of these patients, to define whether are eligible to be included as kidney transplant candidates through living donors or to be included on a national waiting list with brain-dead donors. Specialist physicians responsible for the clinical management of these patients must ensure optimal clinical use of the individual aspects of a candidate's profile in the evaluation of patients in whom there is the possibility of performing a kidney transplant

Cambios en el metabolismo óseo y mineral en pacientes con Enfermedad Renal Crónica sometidos a trasplante renal en el Hospital General Plaza de la Salud durante el período comprendido entre enero 2010­agosto 2018 / Changes in bone and mineral metabolism in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing kidney transplantation at Plaza de la Salud General Hospital during the period between January 2010­August 2018

Introducción: las alteraciones del metabolismo óseo-mineral, son una causa importante de morbilidad en los pacientes con trasplante renal, por lo que el manejo de las complicaciones del paciente trasplantado, a largo plazo, deben de ser seguidas. El estudio intenta demostrar cambios en el metabolismo óseo y mineral en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a trasplante renal en el Hospital General Plaza de la Salud durante el período comprendido entre enero 2010 ­ agosto 2018, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. Método: estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de 131 trasplantes realizados en el Hospital General Plaza de la Salud, evaluando cambios de calcio (Ca), fósforo (P) y hormona paratiroidea (PTH) antes y tres meses post-trasplante. Resultados: la edad media de los pacientes incluidos fue 43.1 ±13.1 años, 72.51 % pertenecía al sexo masculino, con un tiempo medio en hemodiálisis en meses de 27.0 ± 33.6, 60 % de los trasplantes realizados fueron de donante vivo y un 63 % de los pacientes tenía HTA como comorbilidad. El nivel medio de PTH disminuyó en los primeros 3 meses posteriores al trasplante comparado con el pre-trasplante (779.6 ± 1004.0 vs. 167.9 ± 138.2 pg/ml). El fosfato disminuyó significativamente (4.9 ± 1.6 vs. 3.5 ± 0.8) y el calcio aumentó (9.0 ± 1.2 mg/dl vs. a 9.7± 0.8 mg/dl). Discusión: los cambios generales en los niveles séricos de Ca, P, PTH, BUN y creatinina desde el momento del TR a los 3 meses post TR, fueron todos significativos

Introduction: Alterations of bone-mineral metabolism are an important cause of morbidity in patients with kidney transplantation, so the management of long-term transplant patient complications should be followed. The study tries to demonstrate changes in bone and mineral metabolism in patients with chronic renal disease undergoing kidney transplant in the Hospital General Plaza de la Salud during the period January 2010 to August 2018, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Method: Observational, Descriptive, Retrospective and Cross-sectional Study of 131 transplants performed at Hospital General Plaza de la Salud, evaluating changes of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) before and 3 months post-transplant. Results: The mean age of the patients included was 43.1 ± 13.1 years, 72.51% belonged to the male sex, with a mean time on hemodialysis in months of 27.0 ± 33.6, 60% of the transplants performed were from live donors and 63% from the patients had hypertension as comorbidity. The mean PTH level decreased in the first 3 months after transplantation compared to the pre-transplant (779.6 ± 1004.0 vs 167.9 ± 138.2 pg/ml). Phosphate decreased significantly (4.9 ± 1.6 vs 3.5 ± 0.8) and calcium increased (9.0 ± 1.2 mg / dl vs. 9.7 ± 0.8 mg / dl). Discussion: The general changes in serum levels of Ca, P, PTH, BUN and Creatinine from the time of TR to 3 months post TR were all significant

Modeling of covariates predicting renal allograft failure within six months after transplantation / Modelagem das covariáveis preditivas para falência do enxerto renal até seis meses do transplante

INTRODUCTION: Kidney transplantation (KT) is the renal replacement therapy (RRT) of choice for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, not every KT is successful and some patients persist on RRT. OBJECTIVE: To model a logistic regression with pre- and post-KT risk covariates capable of predicting secondary allograft dysfunction in need of RRT or reaching stage V of CKD until the first six months post-KT. METHODS: Cohort with KT recipients from Northeastern Brazil. Medical records of KT performed between 2011-2018 were analyzed. KT-recipients with insufficient data or who abandoned follow-up were excluded. The covariables analyzed were: demographic; infectious; pre- and post-KT comorbidities; panel reactive-antibodies; number of HLA mismatches; acute rejection episodes mediated by T-cell (ACR) or antibodies (AAR) six months after KT; and laboratory tests six months after KT. RESULTS: Covariates with higher risk for the analyzed outcomes six months after KT were: elderly KT recipients (OR:1.41; CI95%:1.01-1.99), time between onset of RRT and KT (ΔT-RRT&KT)>10years (OR:3.54; CI95%:1.27-9.87), diabetes mellitus (DM) pre-KT (OR:3.35; CI95%:1.51-7.46), pyelonephritis (OR:2.45; CI95%:1.24-4.84), polyomavirus nephropathy (OR:4.99; CI95%:1.87-13.3), AAS (OR:4.82; CI95%:1.35-17.2), 24h-proteinuria ≥300mg/24h (OR:5.05; CI95%:2.00-12.7) and serum calcium (Ca) <8.5mg/dL (OR:4.72; CI95%:2.00-11.1). The multivariate model presented an accuracy of 88.1% and the mean variance inflation factor is 1.81. CONCLUSION: Elderly-recipients, ΔT-RRT&KT>10 years, pre-KT DM, and post-KT aggressions until six months (pyelonephritis, polyomavirus nephropathy, ABMR, 24h-proteinuria≥300mg/24h, and Ca<8.5mg/dL) are associated with high predictive power for secondary allograft dysfunction in need of RRT or reaching CKD stage V until the first six months post-KT.

INTRODUÇÃO: Transplante renal (TR) é a terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) de escolha para pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC). Entretanto, nem todo TR é bem-sucedido e alguns pacientes persistem em TRS. OBJETIVO: Modelar uma regressão logística com covariáveis de risco pré e pós-TR preditora da disfunção secundária do aloenxerto com necessidade de TRS ou alcance ao estágio V da DRC até os primeiros seis meses pós-TR. MÉTODOS: Coorte com receptores transplantados realizado em hospital no Nordeste brasileiro. Analisou-se registros médicos dos TR realizados entre 2011-2018. Receptores com dados insuficientes ou que abandonaram seguimento foram excluídos. Foram analisadas covariáveis: demográficas; infecciosas; comorbidades pré e pós-TR; painel de reatividade; incompatibilidades de HLA; episódios de rejeições agudas mediadas por células-T ou por anticorpos; exames laboratoriais seis meses pós-TR. RESULTADOS: Receptores idosos (OR:1,41; IC95%:1,01-1,99), tempo entre início da TRS e TR (∆T-TRS&TR)>10 anos (OR:3,54; IC95%:1,27-9,87), diabetes mellitus (DM) pré-TR (OR:3,35; IC95%:1,51-7,46), pielonefrite (OR:2,45; IC95%:1,24-4,84), nefropatia por poliomavírus (OR:4,99; IC95%:1,87-13,3), RAMA (OR:4,82; IC95%:1,35-17,2), proteinúria de 24h (Pt24h) ≥300mg/24h (OR:5,05; IC95%:2,00-12,7) e cálcio sérico (Ca)<8,5mg/dL (OR:4,72; IC95%:2,00-11,1) foram identificadas como covariáveis de maior risco para os desfechos analisados até seis meses pós-TR. O modelo multivariado apresentou acurácia de 88,1% e fator de inflação da variância médio de 1,81. CONCLUSÃO: Receptores idosos, ∆T-TRS&TR>10anos, DM pré-TR e agressões até seis meses pós-TR (pielonefrite, nefropatia por poliomavírus, RAMA, Pt24h≥300mg/24h e Ca<8,5mg/dL), apresentam alto poder preditivo para disfunção secundária do aloenxerto com necessidade de TRS ou alcance ao estágio V da DRC até os primeiros seis meses pós-TR.

Evaluación de la función renal para la detección y seguimiento de la enfermedad renal crónica. Documento multidisciplinario de consenso 2021. Especial atención sobre situaciones clínicas específicas / Evaluation of renal function for the detection and follow-up of chronic kidney disease. Multidisciplinaryconsensus document 2021. Special attention to specific clinical situations

Resumen El filtrado glomerular (FG) se considera el mejor índice para evaluar la función renal en la práctica clínica. Recientemente, ha ganado popularidad la utilización de ecuaciones que estiman el FG, en distintas poblaciones, a partir de los niveles séricos de algunos biomarcadores. Sin embargo, no todas las fórmulas han sido validadas en los diversos escenarios clínicos probables. Las sociedades participantes: Sociedad Argentina de Nefrología, Asociación Bioquímica Argentina, Fundación Bioquímica Argentina y Confederación Unificada Bioquímica de la República Argentina, integradas por nefrólogos y bioquímicos, realizaron un consenso actualizado sobre la utilización del FG como herramienta de detección de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en la Argentina. Se analizó la bibliografía existente y, teniendo en cuenta aspectos de nuestra realidad sanitaria, se establecieron sugerencias para su utilización. Se actualizaron las indicaciones del uso del FG medido. En sucesivos capítulos se puso foco en distintos estados del FG en diversas poblaciones y situaciones. En los estados de reducción del FG, se mencionaron tanto los fisiológicos propios del envejecimiento, como los determinados por situaciones patológicas, por ejemplo, el observado en la ERC avanzada o el determinado en aquellos pacientes que recibieron un trasplante renal. Se revisaron, por otro lado, las situaciones de incremento del FG, como las observadas en el embarazo o en la obesidad. Se refirieron, asimismo, las limitaciones de la estimación del FG, se reconoció su valor en situaciones de la práctica clínica habitual, o en contextos epidemiológicos definidos y se sugirieron las ecuaciones más adecuadas para su utilización en cada caso.

Abstract The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered the best index to assess the renal function in clinical practice. Recently, the use of equations to estimate GFR in different populations, based on the serum levels of some biomarkers, has gained popularity. However, not all the equations have been validated in the various likely clinical scenarios. Thus, the participating societies, i.e. the Argentine Society of Nephrology, the Argentine Association of Biochemistry, the Argentine Foundation of Biochemistry, and the Unified Confederation of Biochemistry of Argentina, composed of nephrologists and biochemists, have established an updated consensus on the use of the GFR as a tool for the detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Argentina. The consensus was established on the basis of the analysis of the existing literature and taking into account aspects of the health situation in Argentina. Suggestions for the use of the GFR were made, and the indications for its use were updated. The successive chapters of the consensus consider different values of the GFR in different populations and situations. The different situations considered and reviewed include cases of a decrease in the GFR, such as the physiological one related to aging and that related to pathological situations, as observed in advanced CKD or in patients who have received a kidney transplant, as well as cases of an increase in the GRF, such as that observed in pregnancy or obesity. The consensus also mentions the advantages and limitations of the estimation of the GFR in situations of usual clinical practice or in specific epidemiological contexts, and the most appropriate equations for its use in each case is suggested.

Resumo A filtração glomerular (FG) é considerada o melhor índice para avaliar a função renal na prática clínica. Recentemente, a utilização de equações que calculam a FG, em diferentes populações, ganhou popularidade a partir dos níveis séricos de alguns biomarcadores. Entretanto, nem todas as fórmulas têm sido validadas nos diversos cenários clínicos prováveis. As sociedades participantes: Sociedade Argentina de Nefrologia, Associação Bioquímica Argentina, Fundação Bioquímica Argentina e Confederação Unificada Bioquímica da República Argentina, integradas por nefrologistas e bioquímicos, realizaram um consenso atualizado sobre a utilização da FG, como ferramenta de detecção da doença renal crônica (DRC) na Argentina. Foi analisada a bibliografia existente e, considerando aspectos da nossa realidade sanitária, foram estabelecidas sugestões para sua utilização. Foram atualizadas as indicações do uso da FG medida. Em sucessivos capítulos se colocou o foco em diferentes estados da FG em populações e situações diversas. Nos estados de redução da FG, foram mencionados tanto os fisiológicos próprios do envelhecimento, quanto os determinados por situações patológicas, por exemplo, aquele observado na DRC avançada ou o determinado naqueles pacientes que receberam um transplante renal. Por outra parte, foram revistas as situações de aumento da FG como as observadas na gravidez ou na obesidade. Foram referidas, também, as limitações da estimativa da FG, foi reconhecido o seu valor em situações da prática clínica habitual, ou em contextos epidemiológicos definidos e se sugeriram equações mais adequadas para sua utilização em cada caso.

Mortalidad secundaria a SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes con trasplante renal de un centro del nordeste colombiano / Mortality Related to SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with Kidney Transplant from a Center in Northeastern Colombia

Objetivo Describir la tasa de mortalidad de infección por coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, en inglés) y los factores de riesgo asociados a la severidad de la enfermedad en pacientes con trasplante renal de un centro del nordeste colombiano. Materiales y Métodos Estudio descriptivo de una cohorte de pacientes en seguimiento postrasplante renal, en el que se hizo una búsqueda retrospectiva de los que presentaron infección por SARS-CoV-2 entre marzo del 2020 y mayo del 2021. Para el análisis, se incluyeron los pacientes con infección confirmada mediante pruebas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (polymerase chain reaction, PCR, en inglés), de antígenos, o de anticuerpos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, y un análisis bivariado de los posibles factores asociados con el riesgo de mortalidad. Resultados Con un total de 307 individuos en seguimiento, se encontró una prevalencia del 14,3% (n = 44) de infección por enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, en inglés). La media de edad fue de 56 años, con predominio del género masculino. El esquema de inmunosupresión más frecuente fue micofenolato­tacrolimus­prednisona. Entre los pacientes infectados, la mortalidad fue del 34,1% (15/44), lo que representa el 4,8% de toda la población a estudio. Maás de la mitad de los pacientes requirieron hemodiálisis, y en el 86,7% fue necesario hacer ajustes en el esquema de inmunosupresión. Conclusión La prevalencia de infección por SARS-CoV-2 en nuestro grupo de trasplantes fue similar a la reportada por otros grupos de trasplante del país, y mayor a la de la población no trasplantada. El valor de creatinina previo a la infección, la edad y las comorbilidades se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de mortalidad.

Objective To describe the mortality related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the risk factors associated with disease severity in patients submitted to a kidney transplant from a center in northeastern Colombia. Materials and Methods The present is a descriptive study of a cohort of patients in follow-up care after kidney transplant, with a retrospective search for those who presented SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 2020 and May 2021. Patients with confirmed infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), antigens or antibodies tests were included for analysis. We performed a descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic and clinical variables as well as a bivariate analysis to evaluate the possible factors associated with the risk of mortality. Results With a total of 307 individuals in follow-up care, a prevalence of 14.3% (n = 44) of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection was found. The mean age of the sample was of 56 years, with a male predominance. The most frequent immunosuppression regimen was mycophenolate-tacrolimus-prednisone. Among the infected patients, the mortality rate was of 34.1% (15/44), representing 4.8% of the entire study population. More than half of the patients required hemodialysis, and 86.7% required adjustments to the immunosuppression regimen. Conclusion The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in our transplant group was similar to that reported by other transplant groups in the country and higher than among the non-transplanted population. The preinfection creatinine value, age, and comorbidities were associated with a higher risk of mortality.

Cuidados de enfermería al paciente trasplantado renal período pre-operatorio, pos trasplante inmediato y temprano en la Unidad de Trasplante Renal del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín / Nursing care of the renal transplant patient pre-operative, immediate posttransplant and early post-transplant periods in the Renal Transplant Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital

El trasplante renal es considerado como la mejor alternativa de tratamiento sustitutivo para la enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT)1, es el procedimiento quirúrgico que consiste en reemplazar un riñón sano de un donante vivo o cadavérico a una persona con diagnóstico de ERCT, que ayuda a mejorar su calidad de vida, la reinserción a sus actividades sociales, físicas, emocionales, laborales y sexuales. La Organización Nacional de Trasplantes de España (ONT) en el año 2018, reportó que en la Unión Europea se realizaron 21 102 y en Latinoamérica 12 806 trasplantes renales2, en Ecuador el Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) en los años 2007-2020 reportó un total de 1 6153, le correspondió al Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín (HECAM) el 32% del total de trasplantes renales realizados entre el periodo 2007-20184. La evaluación del potencial receptor es realizada por un equipo multidisciplinario con formación académica, experiencia certificada en los diferentes procesos y acreditados por el Instituto Nacional de Donación y Trasplantes (INDOT)5. Los cuidados de enfermería enmarcados en esta ruta, son especializados e integrales, que incluyen los períodos pre operatorio, pos trasplante inmediato y temprano al incorporar además un proceso educativo entre enfermera, paciente y familia/ cuidador, con el fin de preservar la sobrevida del injerto.

Renal transplantation is considered the best alternative replacement treatment for end-stage chronic kidney disease (ESRD)1, it is the surgical procedure that consists of replacing a healthy kidney from a living or cadaveric donor to a person diagnosed with ESRD, which helps to improve their quality of life, reintegration to their social, physical, emotional, work and sexual activities. The National Transplant Organization of Spain (ONT) in 2018, reported that In the European Union 21 102 and in Latin America 12 806 renal transplants were performed2, in Ecuador the Ministry of Public Health (MSP) in the years 2007-2020 reported a total of 1 6153, corresponded to the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital (HECAM) 32% of the total number of renal transplants performed between 2007-20184. The evaluation of the potential recipient is performed by a multidisciplinary team with academic training, certified experience in the different processes and accredited by the National Institute of Donation and Transplantation (INDOT)5. The nursing care framed in this route is specialized and comprehensive, including the pre-operative, immediate post-transplant and early post-transplant periods, incorporating an educational process between nurse, patient and family/caregiver, in order to preserve graft survival.

Evaluación económica comparativa sobre terapias de reemplazo renal en Argentina, Costa Rica y Uruguay

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar las diferencias de costos y prevalencia de las terapias de remplazo renal (TRR) como el trasplante, la diálisis peritoneal y la hemodiálisis en Argentina, Costa Rica y Uruguay, mediante estrategias costo-efectivas de difusión. Métodos. Costos y prevalencia de principales financiadores y prestadores por país, y análisis de costo- efectividad mediante modelo de Markov a 5 años, evaluando estrategias de asignación de recursos expresa-das por razón incremental de costo-efectividad en costo por año de vida ajustado por calidad. Resultados. Se observa dispersión entre los países en el acceso y los valores prestacionales de TRR, que afectan su prevalencia y el punto de equilibrio monetario. Desde el punto de vista de los costos, es más eficiente promover la realización de trasplantes y de diálisis peritoneal, y desalentar la indicación de hemodiálisis, aunque la disponibilidad de cada TRR por país requirió evaluaciones particulares. Conclusiones. Promover la realización de trasplantes ahorra costos, aunque los puntos de equilibrio variables requieren determinar diferentes umbrales de costo-efectividad por país. En Argentina y Uruguay, la administración de TRR mejoraría su eficiencia si se aumentan la cantidad de pacientes en diálisis peritoneal y las tasas de donación para trasplantes. En Costa Rica (donde hay tasas elevadas de trasplantes y margen presupuestario), la incorporación de técnicas dialíticas se ajusta por demanda e incidencia de pacientes con ERCT.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Evaluate differences in the cost and prevalence of renal replacement therapies (RRTs) such as transplants, peritoneal dialysis, and hemodialysis in Argentina, Costa Rica, and Uruguay, based on cost-effective dissemination strategies. Methods. Costs and prevalence obtained from the main financers and providers in each country; analysis of cost-effectiveness using a Markov model with a five-year horizon, evaluating resource allocation strategies for their incremental cost-effectiveness ratio expressed as quality-adjusted years of life. Results. There is observed dispersion among countries in terms of access to and beneficial value of RRTs, affecting their prevalence and monetary breakeven point. From the cost standpoint, it is more efficient to promote transplants and peritoneal dialysis, and to discourage hemodialysis, although the availability of each RRT in each country required a specific evaluation. Conclusions. Promoting transplants saves costs, but the variable breakeven points make it necessary to determine different cost-effectiveness thresholds for each country. In Argentina and Uruguay, RRTs would be more cost-effective with an increase in the number of patients in peritoneal dialysis and higher donation rates for transplants. In Costa Rica (where there is a high transplant rate and large budgetary margin), the use of dialysis is aligned with demand and with the incidence of patients with terminal chronic kidney disease.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar as diferenças de custos e prevalência das terapias de substituição renal (TSR) como o transplante, a diálise peritoneal e a hemodiálise na Argentina, na Costa Rica e no Uruguai, mediante estratégias de difusão custo-efetivas. Métodos. Foram avaliados custos e prevalência dos principais financiadores e prestadores por país, e realizada análise de custo-efetividade mediante modelo de Markov para 5 anos, avaliando estratégias de alocação de recursos expressas pela razão de custo-efetividade incremental por ano de vida ajustado por qualidade. Resultados. Foi observada, entre os países, dispersão no acesso e nos valores prestacionais de TSR, afetando sua prevalência e o ponto de equilíbrio monetário. Do ponto de vista dos custos, é mais eficiente promover a realização de transplantes e de diálise peritoneal e desestimular a indicação de hemodiálise, embora a disponibilidade de cada TSR por país tenha exigido avaliações específicas. Conclusões. Promover a realização de transplantes economiza custos, embora os pontos de equilíbrio variáveis requeiram a determinação de diferentes limiares de custo-efetividade por país. Na Argentina e no Uruguai, a administração de TSR melhoraria sua eficiência se a quantidade de pacientes em diálise peritoneal e as taxas de doação para transplantes aumentassem. Na Costa Rica (onde há taxas elevadas de transplantes e margem orçamentária), a incorporação de técnicas dialíticas é ajustada por demanda e incidência de pacientes com DRCT.

Sistema de informações clínicas nos serviços de saúde pós-transplante renal na perspectiva de seus atores / Health service clinical information system after kidney transplantation, from the perspective of users and professionals

Objetivo: analisar a organização, o registro e o armazenamento dos dados clínicos das pessoas após o transplante renal nos serviços de saúde.Métodos: estudo qualitativo realizado entre o primeiro e o segundo semestre de 2016, com transplantados renais, profissionais e gestores, totalizando 30 participantes. Os dados coletados foram entrevistas individuais gravadas em áudio, transcritas em meio digital e organizados no software Etnography,para serem analisadas a partir de uma análise de conteúdo dirigida. Resultados: os participantes explicaram os tipos existentes de prontuários, que depois da realização do transplante renal são arquivados pelo serviço de nefrologia onde a pessoa realizava o tratamento dialítico. Porém, em casos de retorno à diálise pela falência do órgão transplantado, participantes referiram a organização do serviço para o registro de informações sobre o atendimento. Já no centro transplantador, os participantes mencionaram como ocorrem os registros das intercorrências no estado de saúde, dos resultados de exames laboratoriais e das orientações transmitidas. Conclusão: autilização de ferramentas e de instrumentos na organização, no registro e no armazenamento dos dados clínicos, durante a assistência à pessoa, auxilia os profissionais da saúde na tomada de decisão sobre o cuidado a ser prestado e facilita a troca de informações, proporcionando qualidade no atendimento

Objective:to analyze the organization, registration, and storage of patients' clinical data after kidney transplantation in health services. Methods: qualitative study conducted between the first and the second semester of 2016, with kidney transplant patients, professionals, and managers, totaling 30 participants. The data were collected through individual interviews recorded in audio, transcribed, and organized in the software Etnography. Then, they were analyzed in a guided content analysis. Results:the participants explained the existing types of medical records, that after the kidney transplantation are filed by the nephrology service where the person underwent dialysis. However, in cases of return to dialysis due to the failure of the transplanted organ, participants referred to the organization of the service for the recording of information about care. At the transplant center, the participants mentioned how the complications of health conditions, the resultsof laboratory tests, and the instructions transmitted are recorded. Conclusion: the use of tools and instruments in the organization, recording, and storage of clinical data during assistance helps health professionals in making decisions about the care to be provided and facilitates the exchange of information, providing quality of care

Short- and mid- term impact of tobacco smoking on donor renal function following living kidney donation at a tertiary referral hospital

Background: The negative impact of tobacco smoking on renal function has been widely studied. However, there is limited knowledge about the effect of smoking on pre-operative and post-operative renal function in living kidney donors. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the short- and mid-term impact of smoking on donor renal function. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 308 patients who underwent living donor nephrectomy (LDN) at a tertiary referral hospital. We compared baseline characteristics as well as functional outcomes following LDN according to history of tobacco smoking. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated with the modification of diet in renal disease equation in 6 time periods: pre-operative, 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after surgery. We performed a Kaplan-Meier analysis for chronic kidney disease (CKD) outcome and binary logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors associated with CKD at 24 months of follow-up. Results: Among donors, 106 (34.4%) reported a smoking history before nephrectomy. Smoking donors had worse pre-operative eGFR than non-smokers (90 ± 26.3 mL/min/1.73m2 vs. 96 ± 27 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively; p = 0.02) and lower eGFR at 1 week (p = 0.01), 1 month (p ≤ 0.01), 6 months (p = 0.01), and 12 months (p = 0.01) after LDN. Tobacco smoking (OR 3.35, p ≤ 0.01) and age ≥ 40 years at donation (OR 6.59, p ≤ 0.01) were associated with post-operative development of CKD at 24 months after LDN. Conclusions: Living kidney donors with a tobacco smoking history had an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease following nephrectomy. Smoking-cessation strategies should be implemented.

Síndrome de Robinow asociado a insuficiencia renal crónica en fase terminal / Robinow syndrome associated with chronic kidney failure in terminal stage

Se describe el caso clínico de un adolescente de 18 años con antecedente patológico de una operación por hipertelorismo en su primer año de vida, quien fue asistido en el Servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Infantil Docente Norte Dr. Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira de Santiago de Cuba, debido a una disminución marcada de la función renal, por lo cual requirió terapias sustitutivas. Su estado persistió por más de 3 meses y se consideró como una insuficiencia renal crónica en fase terminal. Se realizaron varios exámenes complementarios en busca de la causa y se interconsultó con otras especialidades, como la de Genética Clínica, por la presencia de trastornos dismórficos; finalmente, se diagnosticó el síndrome de Robinow. El paciente permaneció con hemodiálisis por 2 años hasta que su condición fue estable para recibir un trasplante de riñón.

The case report of an 18 years adolescent is described with pathological history of a surgery due to hypertelorism in his first year of life who was assisted in the Nephrology Service of Dr. Juan de la Cruz Martínez Maceira Northern Teaching Children Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, due to a marked decrease of the renal function, reason why he required substitute therapies. His condition persisted for more than 3 months and it was considered as a chronic kidney failure in end stage. Several complementary exams were carried out to find out the cause and other specialties participated in the diagnosis, as Clinical Genetics, due to the presence of dysmorphic disorders; finally, Robinow syndrome was diagnosed. The patient remained with hemodialysis for 2 years until her condition was stable to receive a renal transplant.

Angioaccesos para hemodiálisis en el trasplante renal: implicaciones hemodinámicas sobre el corazón izquierdo / Angioaccess for hemodialysis in kidney transplantation: hemodynamic implications for the left heart

Las complicaciones cardiovasculares representan la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, por lo que el objetivo de este artículo es demostrar la influencia de la permanencia de la fístula arteriovenosa sobre variables eco cardiográficamente mensuradas en el corazón izquierdo. Para ello, se definió un estudio multivariable, longitudinal, prospectivo y controlado de grupos independientes después de una intervención que incluyó 39 pacientes a los que se le cerró el angioacceso (grupo de estudio) y 42 que no fueron expuestos a la cirugía (grupo control). Ambos grupos exhibían trasplante renal funcionante. Los principales resultados surgenal comparar el predominio entre el grupo de estudio con el de control, la edad promedio; 45,6 y 44,1 años, el sexo masculino, 24 (60%) y 23 (53,5%) y el color de la piel blanca; 33 (82,5%) y 32 (74,4%). La etiología de la nefropatía originaria más frecuente fue la nefropatía vascular hipertensiva; 12 (30%) vs 14 (32,6%). Entre las manifestaciones clínicas, en el grupo de estudio se evidenció remisión de las palpitaciones y la disnea de esfuerzo. Respecto a la tensión arterial, para la sistólica oscilaba; de 123 ±13,4 a 120,5 ±9,2 vs de 125,6 ±8,4 a 128 ±8,3 mm Hg (p= 0,000), mientras la diastólica variaba de; 76,8 ±7,5 a 76,3 ±6,2 vs 78,6 ±4,9 a 82,4 ±3,9 mm Hg (p= 0,000). El hematocrito comportaba valores equivalentes; 0,43 ±0,06 y 0,45 ±0,06 vs 0,42 ±0,05 y 0,42 ±0,06 l/l (p= 0,035) y la creatinina sérica mostró descenso en los pacientes intervenidos de; 106,8 ± 26,2 hasta 99,8 ±23,9 µ Mol/l vs 114 ±27,8 a 120,3 ±31 µ Mol/l (p= 0,002). Las variables ecocardiográficas mensuradas comparativamente según la localización de los angioaccesos a nivel del codo izquierdo; diámetro del ventrículo izquierdo: 3,12 ±4,08 vs 1,48 ±3,46 mms (p=0,001), fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo: 2,99 ±5,47 vs -1,98 ±6,23 % (p=0,018) y el volumen telediastólico: -23 ±33,41 vs 10,86 ±36,87 ml (p=0,006). El codo contralateral revelaba; para la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo: 3,32 ±3,42 vs -2,18 ±4,78 % (p=0,037) y para el gasto cardíaco: -1,29 ±0,88 vs -0,26 ±0,86 l/min (0,020). Las conclusiones demuestran que el cierre del angioacceso a pacientes con trasplante renal funcionante respecto a los no intervenidos, contribuye a la regresión de las alteraciones morfológicas y hemodinámicas constatadas por ecocardiografía transtorácica en el corazón izquierdo a nivel de las diferentes localizaciones de los accesos vasculares.

Cardiovascular complications represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic renal disease, so the objective of this article is to demonstrate the influence of the patency of the arteriovenous fistula on echocardiographic variables measured in the left heart. For this, a multivariate study, longitudinal, prospective and controlled study of independent groups after an intervention that included 39 patients who had their angioaccess closed (study group) and 42 who were not exposed to surgery (control group). Both groups exhibited functional kidney transplantation. The main results emerge when comparing the prevalence between the study group and the control group, the average age; 45.6 and 44.1 years, the male sex, 24 (60%) and 23 (53.5%) and the white skin color; 33 (82.5%) and 32 (74.4%). The most frequent etiology of the original nephropathy was hypertensive vascular nephropathy; 12 (30%) vs 14 (32.6%). Among the clinical manifestations, remission of palpitations and dyspnea on exertion were evidenced in the study group. With regard to blood pressure, for the systolic it ranged from 123 ±13.4 to 120.5 ±9.2 vs. 125.6 ±8.4 to 128 ±8.3 mmHg (p= 0.000), while the diastolic varied from; 76.8 ±7.5 to 76.3 ±6.2 vs. 78.6 ±4.9 to 82.4 ±3.9 mmHg (p= 0.000). The hematocrit had equivalent values; 0.43 ±0.06 and 0.45 ±0.06 vs 0.42 ±0.05 and 0.42 ±0.06 l/l (p= 0.035) and the serum creatinine showed decrease in the operated patients from; 106.8 ±26.2 to 99.8 ±23.9 µMol/l vs 114 ±27.8 to 120.3 ±31 µMol/l (p= 0.002). The echocardiographic variables measured comparatively according to the location of the angioaccesses at the left elbow level; diameter of the left ventricle: 3.12 ±4.08 vs 1.48 ±3.46 mms (p=0.001), ejection fraction of the left ventricle: 2.99 ±5.47 vs -1.98 ±6.23 % (p=0.018) and the telediasolic volume: -23 ±33.41 vs 10.86 ±36.87 ml (p=0.006). The contralateral elbow revealed; for the left ventricular ejection fraction: 3.32 ±3.42 vs -2.18 ±4.78 % (p=0.037) and for cardiac output: -1.29 ±0.88 vs -0.26 ±0.86 l/min (0.020). The conclusions show that the our study has shown that closing the angioaccess to patients with functioning renal transplants with respect to those not operated, contributes to the regression of morphological and hemodynamic alterations observed by transthoracic echocardiography in the left heart at the different locations of the vascular accesses.

Twin pregnancy after kidney transplantation: case report and systematic review / Gravidez gemelar após transplante renal: relato de caso e revisão sistemática

Abstract Background: Kidney transplantation is associated with fertility restoration in more than 50% of women with chronic kidney disease. Pregnancy after transplantation may affect women's health and fetal development, with higher rates of abortion, fetal growth restriction, and neonatal deaths. Twin pregnancy is a condition of high-risk for adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes, and its occurrence in women with previous kidney transplantation is rare. Case: 32-year-old woman, recipient of living donor kidney transplantation, with a history of one pregnancy prior to transplantation, with current normal allograft function and no use of contraceptive method. At ten weeks of amenorrhea, ultrasound investigation showed a dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy. The following evaluation showed Chiari type II features in one fetus, and no detectable abnormality in the other one. There was appropriate blood pressure control with no need for an antihypertensive drug, and renal function remained normal without proteinuria. Calcium and a low dose of acetylsalicylic acid were used as preeclampsia prophylaxis. At 33 weeks of gestation, she presented premature rupture of membranes with spontaneous preterm labor. A cesarean section was performed due to the breech presentation of the first fetus. The patient persisted with normal graft function and without graft rejection during follow-up. Discussion and conclusion: Twin pregnancies after kidney transplantation are rare, and it is most frequently associated with preterm birth. We reported a successful twin pregnancy after kidney transplantation, with good perinatal and maternal outcomes, and without graft rejection or dysfunction.

Resumo Introdução: O transplante renal está associado à restauração da fertilidade em mais de 50% das mulheres com doença renal crônica. A gravidez após o transplante pode afetar a saúde das mulheres e o desenvolvimento fetal, com taxas mais altas de aborto, restrição de crescimento fetal e óbitos neonatais. A gravidez gemelar é uma condição de alto risco para as mães e de desfechos adversos perinatais, e sua ocorrência em mulheres com transplante renal prévio é rara. Caso: mulher de 32 anos de idade, receptora de transplante de rim de doador vivo, com histórico de uma gravidez antes do transplante, com função atual normal do enxerto e sem uso de método contraceptivo. Após 10 semanas de amenorréia, a investigação por ultrassonografia mostrou uma gravidez diamniótica dicoriônica. A avaliação a seguir mostrou características de Chiari tipo II em um feto e nenhuma anormalidade detectável no outro. Houve controle adequado da pressão arterial sem necessidade de medicamento anti-hipertensivo e a função renal permaneceu normal sem proteinúria. Cálcio e uma dose baixa de ácido acetilsalicílico foram usadas como profilaxia pré-eclâmpsia. Com 33 semanas de gestação, apresentou ruptura prematura de membranas com trabalho de parto prematuro espontâneo. Uma cesariana foi realizada devido à apresentação pélvica do primeiro feto. A paciente persistiu com função normal do enxerto e sem rejeição do enxerto durante o seguimento. Discussão e conclusão: gestações gemelares após transplante renal são raras e estão mais frequentemente associadas ao parto prematuro. Relatamos uma gravidez bem-sucedida após o transplante renal, com bons desfechos perinatais e maternos e sem rejeição ou disfunção do enxerto.